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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mateltech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Материалы электронной техники</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Materialy Elektronnoi Tekhniki = Materials of Electronics Engineering</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-3577</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-6387</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MISIS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/1609-3577j.met202406.597</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mateltech-597</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Общая информация</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>General issues</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Энергия, спрос на вычислительную мощность и «зеленый» мир</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Energy, demand for computing power and the green world</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9420-8130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболев</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sobolev</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Университет Авейру, 3810-193 Авейру</p><p>Соболев Николай Андреевич — доктор естественных наук, профессор, департамент физики и i3N</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3810-193 Aveiro</p><p>Nikolai A. Sobolev — PhD, Professor Jubilado, Departamento de Física and i3N</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">niksob@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Авейро</institution><country>Португалия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Universidade de Aveiro</institution><country>Portugal</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>193</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Соболев Н.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соболев Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sobolev N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://met.misis.ru/jour/article/view/597">https://met.misis.ru/jour/article/view/597</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре рассмотрены главные тенденции в мировом производстве и потреблении энергии за последние полвека, отталкиваясь от анализа, проделанного П.Л. Капицей в 1975 г. на основе унифицированного подхода с использованием вектора Умова—Пойнтинга. Затронуты такие проблемы, как влияние энергопотребления на валовой национальный продукт на душу населения, причины различных подходов стран к переходу на возобновляемые источники энергии, существующие источники энергии, глобальное распределение производства и потребления энергии, особенности и перспективы различных энергетических технологий, а также технологии, позволяющие снизить энергопотребление. Так, с 1975 г. цена одного киловатт-часа «солнечной» электроэнергии снизилась на порядки величины, что позволило этой технологии выдвинутся на передний план, в то время как термоядерный синтез по-прежнему остается «энергетикой будущего», а уголь продолжает удерживать ведущие позиции на рынке производства электроэнергии. Основным потребителем энергии стали электроника и телекоммуникации, что диктует потребность перехода от архитектуры фон Ноймана к нейроморфным технологиям в компьютерах и развития фемтоваттной оптоэлектроники. Неожиданно, крупнейшим потребителем энергии стал майнинг криптовалют. Кроме того сбор рассеянной энергии самыми разными способами рассматривается как экологичная альтернатива использованию батарей в устройствах малой и сверхмалой мощности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review considers the main trends in global energy production and consumption over the last half century, based on the analysis made by P.L. Kapitza in 1975 based on a unified approach using the Umov–Poynting vector. Such aspects of the problem as the impact of energy consumption on gross national product per capita, reasons for different approaches of countries to the transition to renewable energy sources, existing sources of energy, global distribution of its production and consumption, features and prospects of different energy technologies, as well as technologies to reduce energy consumption are touched upon. Thus, since 1975, the price of one kilowatt-hour of "solar" electricity has fallen by orders of magnitude and this technology has moved to the forefront, while fusion still remains the "energy of the future" and coal continues to hold its position in the market. Somewhat unexpectedly, electronics and telecommunications have become a major consumer of energy, urging a shift from von Neumann architecture to neuromorphic technology in computers and the development of femto and attowatt optoelectronics. And a totally unforeseen energy consumer has been cryptocurrency mining. On the other hand, the harvesting of dissipated energy in a variety of ways is seen as an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of batteries in low and ultra-low-power devices.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>производство энергии</kwd><kwd>потребление энергии</kwd><kwd>сбор энергии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>energy production</kwd><kwd>energy consumption</kwd><kwd>energy harvesting</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование было поддержано проектом i3N (UIDB/50025/2020, UIDP/50025/2020 и LA/P/0037/2020), который финансировался из национальных средств через Фонд науки и технологий (FCT) и Министерство образования и науки (MEC) Португалии.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the project i3N (UIDB/50025/2020, UIDP/50025/2020 and LA/P/0037/2020) which was financed by national funds through the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and the Ministério da Educação e Ciência (MEC) of Portugal.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капица П.Л. 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