Энергия, спрос на вычислительную мощность и «зеленый» мир
https://doi.org/10.17073/1609-3577j.met202406.597
Аннотация
В обзоре рассмотрены главные тенденции в мировом производстве и потреблении энергии за последние полвека, отталкиваясь от анализа, проделанного П.Л. Капицей в 1975 г. на основе унифицированного подхода с использованием вектора Умова—Пойнтинга. Затронуты такие проблемы, как влияние энергопотребления на валовой национальный продукт на душу населения, причины различных подходов стран к переходу на возобновляемые источники энергии, существующие источники энергии, глобальное распределение производства и потребления энергии, особенности и перспективы различных энергетических технологий, а также технологии, позволяющие снизить энергопотребление. Так, с 1975 г. цена одного киловатт-часа «солнечной» электроэнергии снизилась на порядки величины, что позволило этой технологии выдвинутся на передний план, в то время как термоядерный синтез по-прежнему остается «энергетикой будущего», а уголь продолжает удерживать ведущие позиции на рынке производства электроэнергии. Основным потребителем энергии стали электроника и телекоммуникации, что диктует потребность перехода от архитектуры фон Ноймана к нейроморфным технологиям в компьютерах и развития фемтоваттной оптоэлектроники. Неожиданно, крупнейшим потребителем энергии стал майнинг криптовалют. Кроме того сбор рассеянной энергии самыми разными способами рассматривается как экологичная альтернатива использованию батарей в устройствах малой и сверхмалой мощности.
При поддержке: Данное исследование было поддержано проектом i3N (UIDB/50025/2020, UIDP/50025/2020 и LA/P/0037/2020), который финансировался из национальных средств через Фонд науки и технологий (FCT) и Министерство образования и науки (MEC) Португалии.
Об авторе
Н. А. Соболев
Университет Авейро
Португалия
Португалия
Университет Авейру, 3810-193 Авейру
Соболев Николай Андреевич — доктор естественных наук, профессор, департамент физики и i3N
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Соболев Н.А. Энергия, спрос на вычислительную мощность и «зеленый» мир. Известия высших учебных заведений. Материалы электронной техники. 2024;27(2):175-193. https://doi.org/10.17073/1609-3577j.met202406.597
For citation:
Sobolev N.A. Energy, demand for computing power and the green world. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Materialy Elektronnoi Tekhniki = Materials of Electronics Engineering. 2024;27(2):175-193. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17073/1609-3577j.met202406.597
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